Epoch-Based Height Reference System for Sea Level Rise Impact Assessment on the Coast of Peninsular Malaysia

The Peninsular Malaysia Geodetic Vertical Datum 2000 (PMGVD2000) inherited several deficiencies due to offsets between local datums used, levelling error propagations, land subsidence, sea level rise, and slopes along the southern half of Malacca Strait on west coast South China Sea in east relative Port Klang (PTK) datum point. To cater for a more reliable elevation-based assessment both rise coastal flooding exposure, new epoch-based height reference system PMGVD2022 has been developed. We have undertaken processing than 30 years data from twelve tide gauge (TG) stations determination mean (RMSL) at epoch 2022.0 with their respective trends incorporates quantification vertical motion (VLM) impact. is based gravimetric geoid (PMGeoid2022) fitted RMSL PTK. orthometric realised through GNSS concept H = hGNSS–Nfit_PTK–NRMDT, where NRMDT constant offset dynamic ocean topography (RMDT) PTK MSL coast. will become single absolute accuracies better ±3 cm ±10 across most land/coastal area continental shelf Malaysia, respectively.